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Examined Doctrine

Thomas Aquinas on Election & predestination

1225 – 1274 · SCHOLASTIC
STANDARD SCHOLARLY ACCOUNTAFFIRMS°
STANCE

Unconditional — grounded in God's free choice

THE POSITION

Predestination is real and rests on God's will, not foreseen merit — though set within a framework of secondary causes that leaves human agency genuinely operative.

SCRIPTURE
ROMANS 8:29-30 · BSB

29 For those God foreknew, He also predestined to be conformed to the image of His Son, so that He would be the firstborn among many brothers. 30 And those He predestined, He also called; those He called, He also justified; those He justified, He also glorified.

16 OTHERS HOLD THIS

AugustineVoddie BauchamCalvinJonathan EdwardsTim KellerSecond London Baptist ConfessionLutherJohn MacArthurGavin OrtlundJohn OwenJustin PetersJohn PiperR.C. SproulCharles Haddon SpurgeonWestminster ConfessionZwingli
Conditional — grounded in foreseen faithJACOBUS ARMINIUS · CHRYSOSTOM · PHILIP MELANCHTHON · WESLEY
Affirmed, held alongside real human responsibility, treated as non-dividingJOSH HOWERTON
See all 26 figures on election & predestination →

ABOUT THIS FIGURE

Dominican friar, author of the Summa Theologiae. Synthesized Aristotelian philosophy with Christian doctrine; the reference point for later Catholic theology.

1 OF 13 POSITIONS QUOTED
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"Thomas Aquinas on Election & predestination", Examined Doctrine, July 2026 edition, https://examineddoctrine.com/position/aquinas/election (archived at https://examineddoctrine.com/editions/2026-07/position/aquinas/election).

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