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Examined Doctrine

Thomas Aquinas on Indwelling of the Holy Spirit

1225 – 1274 · SCHOLASTIC
STANDARD SCHOLARLY ACCOUNTAFFIRMS°
STANCE

Through baptism, as the ordinary means

"No other effect can be put down as the reason why the divine person is in the rational creature in a new mode, except sanctifying grace."
Summa Theologiae I, q.43, a.3

THE POSITION

Draws the sharpest technical distinction of anyone here. God is present in all things by essence, power and presence — a common mode true of every creature — but indwelling is a distinct and new mode whose only cause is sanctifying grace, ordinarily conferred through baptism. So the Spirit is genuinely everywhere and indwells only where grace is.

SCRIPTURE
1 CORINTHIANS 3:16 · BSB

16 Do you not know that you yourselves are God’s temple, and that God’s Spirit dwells in you?

4 OTHERS HOLD THIS

AugustineChrysostomLutherWesley
At regeneration, which precedes and causes faithCALVIN · JONATHAN EDWARDS · SECOND LONDON BAPTIST CONFESSION · JOHN MACARTHUR · JOHN OWEN · JUSTIN PETERS · R.C. SPROUL · CHARLES HADDON SPURGEON · WESTMINSTER CONFESSION · ZWINGLI
At the moment of saving faithJACOBUS ARMINIUS · M. HEISER · PHILIP MELANCHTHON
See all 19 figures on indwelling of the holy spirit →

ABOUT THIS FIGURE

Dominican friar, author of the Summa Theologiae. Synthesized Aristotelian philosophy with Christian doctrine; the reference point for later Catholic theology.

1 OF 13 POSITIONS QUOTED
Everything Aquinas holds →
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"Thomas Aquinas on Indwelling of the Holy Spirit", Examined Doctrine, July 2026 edition, https://examineddoctrine.com/position/aquinas/indwelling (archived at https://examineddoctrine.com/editions/2026-07/position/aquinas/indwelling).

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