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Examined Doctrine

Westminster Confession on Divine plurality & the unseen realm

1646 · REFORMED / PRESBYTERIAN · DOCUMENT, NOT A PERSON
DISPUTED AMONG SCHOLARSQUESTION NOT FRAMED
STANCE

Never posed as a question in these terms

Religious worship is to be given to God, the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost; and to Him alone; not to angels, saints, or any other creature.
WCF 21.2 (1646 text, Carruthers ed.)

THE POSITION

The question is never posed. Chapter 2 is titled 'Of God, and of the Holy Trinity' and treats divine unity, simplicity and the three persons; the elohim of Psalm 82 and Deuteronomy 32 are nowhere in view, and neither passage appears in the Assembly's proof texts for that chapter. The only other spiritual beings the Confession recognises are angels, and it speaks of them only as creatures - elect and reprobate (3.3), capable of sin (5.4), and to be judged at the last day (33.1). WCF 21.2 is the nearest the document comes to the locus's question, and it settles a worship question rather than an ontological one. What was checked is all thirty-three chapters and the Assembly's proofs for chapters 2, 3, 5, 21 and 33. The tier is contested rather than researched because no quotation can establish an absence - the cite below shows the category the Confession does use, not a ruling on the one this locus asks about.

SCRIPTURE
MATTHEW 4:10 · BSB

10 “Away from Me, Satan!” Jesus declared. “For it is written: ‘Worship the Lord your God and serve Him only.’”

3 OTHERS HOLD THIS

ChrysostomSecond London Baptist ConfessionLuther
Real created spiritual beings, ranked under Yahweh and holding delegated ruleJONATHAN EDWARDS · M. HEISER
Human judges or rulers addressed as gods by office, not by natureCALVIN
See all 12 figures on divine plurality & the unseen realm →

ABOUT THIS FIGURE

The confessional standard of English-speaking Presbyterianism, completed by the Westminster Assembly in 1646 and adopted with its Scripture proofs. This entry rests on the 1646 text from the manuscript of Cornelius Burges as edited by S. W. Carruthers (1937) for chapters 1-24, and on the 1647 text for chapters 25-33; the Assembly's own proof texts attached to each paragraph supply every reference below.

18 OF 18 POSITIONS QUOTED
Everything Westminster Confession holds →
Cite this page

"Westminster Confession on Divine plurality & the unseen realm", Examined Doctrine, July 2026 edition, https://examineddoctrine.com/position/westminster/divine-plurality (archived at https://examineddoctrine.com/editions/2026-07/position/westminster/divine-plurality).

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