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Examined Doctrine
PASSAGE · BSB

John 3

18 positions in the corpus lean on this chapter. Cited verses are marked.

1Now there was a man of the Pharisees named Nicodemus, a leader of the Jews.

2He came to Jesus at night and said, “Rabbi, we know that You are a teacher who has come from God. For no one could perform the signs You are doing if God were not with him.”

3Jesus replied, “Truly, truly, I tell you, no one can see the kingdom of God unless he is born again.”

4“How can a man be born when he is old?” Nicodemus asked. “Can he enter his mother’s womb a second time to be born?”

5Jesus answered, “Truly, truly, I tell you, no one can enter the kingdom of God unless he is born of water and the Spirit.

6Flesh is born of flesh, but spirit is born of the Spirit.

7Do not be amazed that I said, ‘You must be born again.’

8The wind blows where it wishes. You hear its sound, but you do not know where it comes from or where it is going. So it is with everyone born of the Spirit.”

9“How can this be?” Nicodemus asked.

10“You are Israel’s teacher,” said Jesus, “and you do not understand these things?

11Truly, truly, I tell you, we speak of what we know, and we testify to what we have seen, and yet you people do not accept our testimony.

12If I have told you about earthly things and you do not believe, how will you believe if I tell you about heavenly things?

13No one has ascended into heaven except the One who descended from heaven—the Son of Man.

14Just as Moses lifted up the snake in the wilderness, so the Son of Man must be lifted up,

15that everyone who believes in Him may have eternal life.

16For God so loved the world that He gave His one and only Son, that everyone who believes in Him shall not perish but have eternal life.

17For God did not send His Son into the world to condemn the world, but to save the world through Him.

18Whoever believes in Him is not condemned, but whoever does not believe has already been condemned, because he has not believed in the name of God’s one and only Son.

19And this is the verdict: The Light has come into the world, but men loved the darkness rather than the Light because their deeds were evil.

20Everyone who does evil hates the Light, and does not come into the Light for fear that his deeds will be exposed.

21But whoever practices the truth comes into the Light, so that it may be seen clearly that what he has done has been accomplished in God.”

22After this, Jesus and His disciples went into the Judean countryside, where He spent some time with them and baptized.

23Now John was also baptizing at Aenon near Salim, because the water was plentiful there, and people kept coming to be baptized.

24(For John had not yet been thrown into prison.)

25Then a dispute arose between John’s disciples and a certain Jew over the issue of ceremonial washing.

26So John’s disciples came to him and said, “Look, Rabbi, the One who was with you beyond the Jordan, the One you testified about—He is baptizing, and everyone is going to Him.”

27John replied, “A man can receive only what is given him from heaven.

28You yourselves can testify that I said, ‘I am not the Christ, but am sent ahead of Him.’

29The bride belongs to the bridegroom. The friend of the bridegroom stands and listens for him, and is overjoyed to hear the bridegroom’s voice. That joy is mine, and it is now complete.

30He must increase; I must decrease.

31The One who comes from above is above all. The one who is from the earth belongs to the earth and speaks as one from the earth. The One who comes from heaven is above all.

32He testifies to what He has seen and heard, yet no one accepts His testimony.

33Whoever accepts His testimony has certified that God is truthful.

34For the One whom God has sent speaks the words of God, for God gives the Spirit without limit.

35The Father loves the Son and has placed all things in His hands.

36Whoever believes in the Son has eternal life. Whoever rejects the Son will not see life. Instead, the wrath of God remains on him.”

Who leans on it

Aquinas on baptismSTANDARD ACCOUNTAFFIRMS°Baptism is the sacrament of regeneration, administered to infants.Athanasius on baptismNOT LOCATEDNOT FOUND°Strikingly absent from On the Incarnation. The one place it could appear — his quotation of "except a man be born again" — he glosses as the soul recreated in God's image, with no mention of water or rite. Nothing on inf…Augustine on baptismPRIMARY SOURCELEANS°Every person, infant to elderly, dies to sin in baptism — infants to original sin alone, adults to their added sins too. But the real center of On Baptism, Against the Donatists is a validity/profit distinction: schismat…Augustine on indwelling of the holy spiritPRIMARY SOURCEAFFIRMS°Baptism is the ordinary means, but sacrament and the conversion of the heart are explicitly separable in both directions — the sacrament can exist in an infant without the heart's conversion, and the thief on the cross h…Basil the Great on baptismNOT LOCATEDNOT FOUND°What baptism does he states strongly — burial with Christ, the water fulfilling the image of death while the Spirit gives the earnest of life, three immersions with three invocations, and any grace in the water coming no…Calvin on extent of the atonementDISPUTED READINGCONTESTED°The one place Calvin addresses the question head-on is his comment on 1 John 2:2, and he does two things there that are usually reported separately. He grants that the schools' formula — sufficient for the whole world, e…Jonathan Edwards on perseverance & eternal securityPRIMARY SOURCEAFFIRMS°The genuinely saved cannot finally fall away. He argues it from the way Scripture describes the condemned — as those who never believed, and whom Christ never knew — rather than from the decree, and he handles Ezekiel 18…M. Heiser on perseverance & eternal securityPRIMARY SOURCEAFFIRMS°Apostasy is possible, but only by a deliberate turning to unbelief — never by moral failure, since what cannot be gained by moral perfection cannot be lost by moral imperfection. Security is tied strictly to the state of…Irenaeus on baptismSTANDARD ACCOUNTLEANS°Baptism as regeneration; infant baptism attested in his period.Second London Baptist Confession on baptismPRIMARY SOURCEAFFIRMS°Chapter 29 is the confession's headline departure from Westminster and it is made in four short paragraphs. Only those who actually profess repentance, faith and obedience are proper subjects (29.2); immersion is necessa…Philip Melanchthon on baptismPRIMARY SOURCEAFFIRMS°Infants are baptized and baptism does something. Augsburg IX calls it necessary to salvation, says grace is offered through it, and says the children offered to God in it are received into his favour; Augsburg II describ…John Owen on the final state of the lostPRIMARY SOURCEAFFIRMS°Eternal conscious punishment, stated flatly and without softening. The curse of God on the fallen includes "eternal damnation hereafter" of body and soul in hell, and when the catechism asks directly what becomes of thos…R.C. Sproul on indwelling of the holy spiritPRIMARY SOURCEAFFIRMS°Regeneration precedes and causes faith, so the Spirit's entry is prior to the conscious moment of believing rather than a response to it. Argued from the force of the Greek behind John 6:44 — 'draw' read as compulsion ra…Charles Haddon Spurgeon on indwelling of the holy spiritPRIMARY SOURCEAFFIRMS°Reformed Baptist. Faith itself is named as the Spirit's own work, which places the Spirit's operation before the act of believing rather than after it — the monergistic order, stated directly rather than inferred. The wi…Wesley on baptismPRIMARY SOURCEAFFIRMS°Infants included, and baptism is the ordinary means of a real regeneration — not hedging on that language the way some traditions do — but conditioned on a life lived in keeping with it rather than an unconditional guara…Wesley on indwelling of the holy spiritPRIMARY SOURCEAFFIRMS°Baptism is the ordinary means of a real regeneration in which 'a principle of grace is infused,' so for an infant there is no conscious entry point at all — but the grace given is conditional on a life lived in keeping w…Zwingli on the person of christPRIMARY SOURCEAFFIRMS°Chalcedonian, argued at length and quoting the Athanasian Creed directly: the whole man — body and soul — assumed into the person of the Son, both natures keeping their own properties, one person and not two. The care is…Zwingli on indwelling of the holy spiritDISPUTED READINGCONTESTED°Zwingli never asks when the Spirit comes to dwell, but he answers the question's substance twice over. The Spirit's illumination precedes and produces faith — the elect are drawn before they believe — and the Spirit need…